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..…..by DR DANIEL, D.N.<\/em> MBBS<\/i><\/p>\n <\/p>\n DEFINITION\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n Anaemia is said to be present when there is a decrease in the level of Haemoglobin in the blood. this is when Haemoglobin is below the normal level for the age and sex of the individual in that environment.<\/p>\n Severe anaemia\u00a0 – < 7g\/dl<\/p>\n Moderate anaemia\u00a0 – 7-9g\/dl<\/p>\n Mild anaemia\u00a0 – 10-12g\/dl<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Haematocrit (Packed Cell Volume-PCV):\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n In Anaemia, the PCV is below the normal value for the age and sex i.e.<\/p>\n <40% in males<\/p>\n <36% in females<\/p>\n Anaemia results in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n PHYSIOLOGY Severity of anaemia depends not only on the Hb level but also on<\/p>\n -age<\/p>\n -cardiac and respiratory function<\/p>\n -speed of onset of the anaemia<\/p>\n -plasma volume<\/p>\n Hence there are 3 stages of anaemia :<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 3 stages of anaemia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n There are symptoms of tissue hypoxia and signs of heart failure.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n CAUSES OF ANAEMIA<\/strong><\/p>\n – Blood loss<\/p>\n – Increased red cell destruction<\/p>\n – Decreased red cell production<\/p>\n – Faulty red cell production<\/p>\n CLASSIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n Although there may be many clinical situations in which a combination of abnormalities are present, the categories below serve as a useful diagnostic aid:-<\/p>\n Microcytic Hypochromic <\/b>\u00a0\u2013 Iron deficiency anaemia<\/p>\n Thalassaemia<\/p>\n Sideroblastic anaemia<\/p>\n ACD( Anaemia of chronic disease)<\/p>\n Normocytic Normochromic<\/b>\u00a0\u2013<\/p>\n Acute blood loss<\/p>\n Haemolytic anaemia<\/p>\n Renal failure<\/p>\n Infection<\/p>\n Inflammation<\/p>\n Neoplasm<\/p>\n Bone marrow infiltration and fibrosis<\/p>\n Endocrine diseases<\/p>\n Macrocytic Normochromic<\/b> \u2013<\/p>\n B12 deficiency anaemia<\/p>\n Folate deficiency anaemia<\/p>\n Aplastic anaemia<\/p>\n Hypothyroidism<\/p>\n Chronic Liver Disease<\/p>\n Alcohol<\/p>\n <\/p>\n CLINICAL PRESENTATION<\/strong><\/p>\n Symptoms\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n Fatique<\/p>\n Headache<\/p>\n Faintness<\/p>\n Breathlessness<\/p>\n Angina<\/p>\n Intemittent claudication<\/p>\n Palpitation<\/p>\n Tinnitus<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Signs<\/b><\/p>\n Pallor<\/p>\n Tachycardia<\/p>\n Systolic flow mummur<\/p>\n Cardiac failure<\/p>\n Retinal haemorrhage<\/p>\n Papilloedema<\/p>\n <\/p>\n OTHER CLINICAL FINDINGS <\/strong><\/p>\n Other signs and symptoms specific to the cause of the anaemia may be present :-<\/p>\n Weakness in the lower limbs<\/p>\n Leg ulceration<\/p>\n Jaundice<\/p>\n Lymphadenopathy<\/p>\n Splenomegaly<\/p>\n Body swelling<\/p>\n <\/p>\n MANAGEMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n Constitutional symptoms<\/p>\n Family history<\/p>\n Drug history<\/p>\n History may be suggestive of type of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 anaemia<\/p>\n FBC with blood film<\/p>\n Hb electrophoresis<\/p>\n Serum protein electrophoresis<\/p>\n Serum iron, ferritin and TIBC( Total iron binding capacity)<\/p>\n Serum folate and B12 levels<\/p>\n LFT<\/p>\n Urinalysis, E,U.& Creatinine<\/p>\n Abdominal USS & CXR<\/p>\n Treatment \u2013<\/b><\/p>\n – Decompensated and life threatening anaemia need urgent intervention in the form of blood transfusion (packed cells)<\/p>\n – Replacement of deficient nutrients eg Fe, vit B12, folate<\/p>\n – Treatment of underlying cause<\/p>\n – Chemotherapy in neoplasms<\/p>\n – Erythropoietin in Chronic Kidney Disease and Sickle Cell Anaemia<\/p>\n <\/p>\n COMPLICATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n NOTE : If the anaemia is not treated, it may cause many health problems such as;<\/p>\n i. Severe tiredness<\/span><\/p>\n ii. Pregnancy complications\/loss<\/p>\n iii. Heart problem<\/p>\n iv.\u00a0 Death<\/p>\n <\/p>\n PREVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n PROGNOSIS<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n REFERENCES<\/em><\/p>\n ..…..by DR DANIEL, D.N. MBBS DEFINITION\u00a0\u00a0 Anaemia is said to be present when there…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\n\n
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