{"id":222,"date":"2022-05-21T14:38:03","date_gmt":"2022-05-21T14:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mayhospitalshendam.com\/?p=222"},"modified":"2022-05-22T15:49:03","modified_gmt":"2022-05-22T15:49:03","slug":"cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mayhospitalshendam.com\/?p=222","title":{"rendered":"CANCER"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>DEFINITIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>TUMOUR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mass of tissue<strong>: <\/strong>an uncontrolled growth or mass of body cells, which may be malignant or benign, and has no beneficial function.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NEOPLASM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A tumour or tissue containing abnormally growing cells.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CANCER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A malignant tumour or growth caused when cells multiply uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MALIGNANCY <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This refers to a tumour that can invade surrounding tissues and may spread to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic or circulatory systems.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncontrolled growth of cells<\/li>\n<li>Invasiveness of surrounding tissues<\/li>\n<li>Metastasis, i.e. spread to other tissues and organs<\/li>\n<li>Excess mass of cells have no beneficial function in the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All ages can have cancer, even foetuses.<\/li>\n<li>13% of all human deaths are attributable to cancer.<\/li>\n<li>6 million deaths worldwide in 2007.<\/li>\n<li>Risk increases with age.<\/li>\n<li>Increasing in Nigeria and other developing countries because of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>increased life expectancy<\/li>\n<li>increase in health facilities that diagnose cancer<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>change in diet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>promiscuity<\/li>\n<li>obesity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>COMMON CANCERS IN WEST AFRICA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Breast\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15%<\/li>\n<li>Cervix\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15%<\/li>\n<li>Liver\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11%<\/li>\n<li>Prostate\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most common cancers in men are liver and prostate cancers.<\/p>\n<p>Most common cancers in women are cervix and breast cancers.<\/p>\n<p>Other cancers include cancers of skin, oesophagus, stomach, lung, colon, rectum, oral cavity, and urinary bladder.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CAUSES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carcinogens &#8230;.tobacco, asbestos, ionizing radiation, alcohol<\/li>\n<li>Viral and bacterial infections&#8230;Human Papillovirus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, H. Pylori. Hepatitis C virus causes more cancers than Hepatitis B.<\/li>\n<li>Hormonal imbalance, e.g. endometrial cancer<\/li>\n<li>Immunosuppressant state. HIV predisposes to Kaposi&#8217;s sarcoma and NonHodgkin\u2019s lymphoma.<\/li>\n<li>Cancer of the Breast, Cancer of the Ovary, Colon Cancer, and Retinoblastoma (eye cancer) have genetic predisposition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CLASSIFICATION\/NOMENCLATURE<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These are cancers formed from epithelial cells.<\/li>\n<li>Sarcomas are cancers developed from connective tissues and mesenchymal cells.<\/li>\n<li>Lymphoma and Leukaemia. These develop from haematopoietic (blood-forming) cells.<\/li>\n<li>Germ cell Tumours. These develop from cells in testes, ovaries, and foetuses, and are seen in babies and small children.<\/li>\n<li>Blastoma . These are tumours resembling embryonic tissues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF CANCER<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1<strong>. <\/strong>LOCAL SYMPTOMS<\/li>\n<li>Lump or swelling<\/li>\n<li>Pain<\/li>\n<li>Bleeding<\/li>\n<li>Ulceration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>SYMPTOMS OF METASTASIS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged lymph nodes<\/li>\n<li>Cough<\/li>\n<li>Haemoptysis (coughing out bloody sputum)<\/li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)<\/li>\n<li>Bone pain<\/li>\n<li>Fractures<\/li>\n<li>Neurological symptoms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>SYSTEMIC SYMPTOMS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Weight loss<\/li>\n<li>Poor appetite<\/li>\n<li>Fatigue<\/li>\n<li>Night sweats<\/li>\n<li>Anaemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>INVESTIGATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Blood tests<\/li>\n<li>X-ray<\/li>\n<li>C-T Scan<\/li>\n<li>MRI<\/li>\n<li>Endoscopy<\/li>\n<li>Faecal Occult Blood<\/li>\n<li>Histology<\/li>\n<li>Ultrasound scanning<\/li>\n<li>Microscopic examination of biopsy sample<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>TREATMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Treatment comprises of one or combination of two or more of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Surgery<\/li>\n<li>Radiotherapy<\/li>\n<li>Chemotherapy<\/li>\n<li>Targeted therapy<\/li>\n<li>Hormonal therapy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CURE\/MORTALITY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This depends on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Type of cancer<\/li>\n<li>Location<\/li>\n<li>Stage<\/li>\n<li>Early or late presentation and diagnosis<\/li>\n<li>Prevention of secondary disease and recurrence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PRE-CANCER SCREENING<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Self breast examination<\/li>\n<li>Mammography<\/li>\n<li>FOB for colorectal Ca<\/li>\n<li>Colonoscopy<\/li>\n<li>PAP smear to detect precancerous cervical lesion<\/li>\n<li>Testicular self examination<\/li>\n<li>Rectal examination<\/li>\n<li>Prostate Specific Antigen test<\/li>\n<li>Ultrasound Scanning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>PREVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Change in lifestyle: stopping smoking, drinking of alcohol<\/li>\n<li>Vegetarian diet is helpful.<\/li>\n<li>Vaccination, e. g. against HPV<\/li>\n<li>Genetic testing<\/li>\n<li>Chemoprevention<\/li>\n<li>Screening tests<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DEFINITIONS TUMOUR Mass of tissue: an uncontrolled growth or mass of body cells, which may be&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[39],"class_list":["post-222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-journal","tag-disease-information"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - 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